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{{Infobox writer
| name             = Edgar Allan Poe
| image            = Edgar Allan Poe, circa 1849, restored, squared off.jpg
| imagesize        =
| caption          = Poe in 1849
| pseudonym        =
| birth_name       = Edgar Poe
| birth_date       = {{birth date|1809|1|19}}
| birth_place      = [[Boston]], Massachusetts, U.S.
| death_date       = {{death date and age|1849|10|7|1809|1|19}}
| death_place      = [[Baltimore]], Maryland, U.S.
| resting_place    = [[Westminster Hall and Burying Ground]], Baltimore
| occupation       =
| alma_mater       =
| genre            =
| movement         =
| spouse           = {{marriage|[[Virginia Eliza Clemm Poe|Virginia Eliza Clemm]]|1836|1847|end=died}}
| parents          = {{ubl|[[David Poe Jr.]]|[[Eliza Poe|Elizabeth Arnold]]}}
| relatives        = {{ubl|[[William Henry Leonard Poe]] (brother)|[[Rosalie Mackenzie Poe]] (sister)}}
| signature        = Edgar Allan Poe Signature.svg
}}
'''Edgar Allan Poe''' ({{né|'''Edgar Poe'''}}; January 19, 1809 – October 7, 1849) was an American [[writer]], [[poet]], [[editor]], and [[literary critic]] who is best known for his poetry and short stories, particularly his tales involving mystery and the [[macabre]]. He is widely regarded as one of the central figures of [[Romanticism]] and [[Gothic fiction]] in the United States and of early [[American literature]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sun |first=Chunyan |date=April 23, 2015 |title=Horror from the Soul—Gothic Style in Allan Poe's Horror Fictions |url=https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1075227.pdf|journal=English Language Teaching |publisher=Canadian Center of Science and Education |volume=8|issue=5 |doi=10.5539/elt.v8n5p94  |issn = 1916-4742}}</ref> Poe was one of the country's first successful practitioners of the [[short story]], and is generally considered to be one of the pioneers of the [[detective fiction]] genre. In addition, he is credited with contributing significantly to the emergence of [[science fiction]].{{sfn|Stableford|2003|pp=18–19}} He is the first well-known American writer to earn a living exclusively through writing, which resulted in a financially difficult life and career.<ref name=Meyers138>{{harvnb|Meyers|1992|p=138}}.</ref>

Poe was born in [[Boston]]. He was the second child of actors [[David Poe Jr.|David]] and [[Eliza Poe|Elizabeth "Eliza" Poe]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Semtner |first=Christopher P. |title=Edgar Allan Poe's Richmond: the Raven in the River City |publisher=History Press |location=Charleston, SC |date=2012 |page=15 |isbn=978-1-60949-607-4 |oclc=779472206}}</ref> His father abandoned the family in 1810, and when Eliza died the following year, Poe was taken in by John and Frances Allan of [[Richmond, Virginia]]. They never formally [[Adoption|adopted]] him, but he lived with them well into young adulthood. Poe attended the [[University of Virginia]] but left after only a year due to a lack of money. He frequently quarreled with John Allan over the funds needed to continue his education as well as his [[gambling]] debts. In 1827, having enlisted in the [[United States Army]] under the assumed name of Edgar A. Perry, he published his first collection, ''[[Tamerlane and Other Poems]]'', which was credited only to "a Bostonian". Poe and Allan reached a temporary rapprochement after the death of Allan's wife, Frances, in 1829. However, Poe later failed as an officer cadet at [[West Point]], declared his intention to become a writer, primarily of poems, and parted ways with Allan.

Poe switched his focus to prose and spent the next several years working for [[literary journal]]s and periodicals, becoming known for his own style of literary criticism. His work forced him to move between several cities, including [[Baltimore]], [[Philadelphia]], and [[New York City]]. In 1836, when he was 27, he married his 13-year-old cousin, [[Virginia Eliza Clemm Poe|Virginia Clemm]]. She died of [[tuberculosis]] in 1847.

In January 1845, he published his poem "[[The Raven]]" to instant success. He planned for years to produce his own journal, ''The Penn'', later renamed ''[[The Stylus]]'' – but before it began publishing, Poe died in Baltimore in 1849, aged 40, under [[Death of Edgar Allan Poe|mysterious circumstances]]. The cause of his death remains unknown and has been attributed to many causes, including disease, alcoholism, [[substance abuse]], and suicide.<ref name="Meyers256" />

Poe's works influenced the development of literature throughout the world and even impacted such specialized fields as [[cosmology]] and [[cryptography]]. Since his death, he and his writings have [[Edgar Allan Poe in popular culture|appeared throughout popular culture]] in such fields as art, photography, literary allusions, music, [[Edgar Allan Poe in television and film|motion pictures, and television]]. Several of his homes are dedicated museums. In addition, The [[Mystery Writers of America]] presents an annual [[Edgar Award]] for distinguished work in the mystery genre.

==Early life, family and education==
[[File:Edgar Allan Poe Birthplace Boston.jpg|thumb|Plaque marking the approximate location of Poe's birth on Carver Street in [[Boston]]]]
Edgar Poe was born in [[Boston]], Massachusetts, on January 19, 1809, the second child of American actor [[David Poe Jr.]] and [[England|English]]-born actress [[Eliza Poe|Elizabeth Arnold Hopkins Poe]]. He had an elder brother, [[William Henry Leonard Poe|Henry]], and a younger sister, [[Rosalie Mackenzie Poe|Rosalie]].<ref name=Allen>{{harvnb|Allen|1927|p=}}</ref> Their grandfather, David Poe, had emigrated from [[County Cavan]], Ireland, around 1750.{{sfn|Quinn|1998|p=13}}

His father abandoned the family in 1810,{{sfn|Canada|1997|p=}} and his mother died a year later from [[pulmonary tuberculosis]]. The two-year-old Poe was then taken into the home of John Allan, a successful merchant in [[Richmond, Virginia]], who dealt in a variety of goods, including cloth, wheat, tombstones, tobacco, and slaves.{{sfn|Meyers|1992|p=8}} The Allans served as a foster family and gave him the name "Edgar Allan Poe",<ref name=Meyers9>{{harvnb|Meyers|1992|p=9}}</ref> although they never formally adopted him.{{sfn|Quinn|1998|p=61}}

The Allan family had Poe baptized into the [[Episcopal Church (United States)|Episcopal Church]] in 1812. John Allan alternately spoiled and aggressively disciplined his foster son.<ref name=Meyers9/> The family sailed to the United Kingdom in 1815. Poe attended the grammar school in [[Irvine, North Ayrshire|Irvine, Ayrshire]], Scotland (where Allan had been born), before rejoining the family in London in 1816. There he studied at a boarding school in [[Chelsea, London|Chelsea]] until summer 1817. He was subsequently entered at the Reverend [[John Bransby]]'s Manor House School in [[Stoke Newington]], then a suburb {{convert|4|mi|km|0}} north of London.{{sfn|Silverman|1991|pp=16–18}}

Poe moved with the Allans back to Richmond, Virginia, in 1820. In 1824, he served as the lieutenant of the Richmond youth honor guard as the city celebrated the [[Visit of the Marquis de Lafayette to the United States|visit of the Marquis de Lafayette]].{{sfn|PoeMuseum.org|2006}} In March 1825, Allan's uncle and business benefactor William Galt died, who was said to be one of the wealthiest men in Richmond,{{sfn|Meyers|1992|p=20}} leaving Allan several acres of real estate. The inheritance was estimated at $750,000 ({{inflation|US|750000|1825|fmt=eq|r=-6}}).{{inflation/fn|US}} By summer 1825, Allan celebrated his expansive wealth by purchasing a two-story brick house called Moldavia.{{sfn|Silverman|1991|pp=27–28}}

Poe may have become engaged to [[Sarah Elmira Royster]] before he registered at the [[University of Virginia]] in February 1826 to study ancient and modern languages.{{sfn|Silverman|1991|pp=29–30}}<ref>University of Virginia. ''A Catalogue of the Officers and Students of the University of Virginia. Second Session, Commencing February 1, 1826''. Charlottesville, VA: Chronicle Steam Book Printing House, 1880, p. 10</ref> The university was in its infancy, established on the ideals of its founder, [[Thomas Jefferson]]. It had strict rules against gambling, horses, guns, tobacco, and alcohol, but these rules were mostly ignored. Jefferson enacted a system of student self-government, allowing students to choose their own studies, make their own arrangements for boarding, and report all wrongdoing to the faculty.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hall |first=Sarah Lindenfeld |date=November 2025 |title=The Future of Student Self-Governance |url=https://uvamagazine.org/articles/the_future_of_student_self_governance |access-date=2023-10-27 |website=UVA Magazine |publisher=University of Virginia Alumni Association |quote=We studiously avoid too much govt. We treat them as men & gentlemen under the guidance mainly of their own discretion}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Role of Education: The Idea |url=https://www.monticello.org/the-art-of-citizenship/the-role-of-education/ |access-date=2023-10-27 |publisher=Thomas Jefferson's Monticello |quote=Jefferson dreamed of self-government by informed citizens.}}</ref>

The unique system was rather chaotic, and there was a high dropout rate.{{sfn|Meyers|1992|pp=21–22}} During his time there, Poe lost touch with Royster and also became estranged from his foster father over gambling debts. He claimed that Allan had not given him sufficient money to register for classes, purchase texts, or procure and furnish a dormitory. Allan did send additional money and clothes, but Poe's debts increased.{{sfn|Silverman|1991|pp=32–34}} Poe gave up on the university after a year, but did not feel welcome to return to Richmond, especially when he learned that his sweetheart, Royster, had married another man, Alexander Shelton. Instead, he traveled to Boston in April 1827, sustaining himself with odd jobs as a clerk and newspaper contributor. Poe started using the [[pseudonym]] Henri Le Rennet during this period.{{sfn|Silverman|1991|p=41}}

==Military career==
[[File:FtIndependence2.jpg|thumb|In May 1827, Poe enlisted in the [[United States Army|U.S. Army]], where he was first stationed at [[Fort Independence (Massachusetts)|Fort Independence]] in [[Boston]].]]
As Poe was unable to support himself, he decided to enlist in the [[United States Army]] as a private on May 27, 1827, using the name "Edgar A. Perry". Although he claimed that he was {{nowrap|22 years old}}, he was actually 18.{{sfn|Cornelius|2002|p=13}} He first served at [[Fort Independence (Massachusetts)|Fort Independence]] in [[Boston Harbor]] for five dollars a month.<ref name="Meyers32">{{harvnb|Meyers|1992|p=32}}</ref> That same year, his first book was published, a 40-page collection of poetry titled ''[[Tamerlane and Other Poems]]'', attributed only to "A Bostonian". 50 copies were printed, and the book received virtually no attention.{{sfn|Meyers|1992|pp=33–34}} Poe's [[1st Regiment of Artillery]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 2020 |title=Historical Vignette 139 - Edgar Allan Poe and West Point |url=https://www.usace.army.mil/About/History/Historical-Vignettes/General-History/139-Poe-and-West-Point/ |access-date=December 3, 2024 |website=[[United States Army Corps of Engineers]]}}</ref> was posted to [[Fort Moultrie]] in [[Charleston, South Carolina]], before embarking on the brig ''Waltham'' on November 8, 1827. Poe was promoted to "artificer", an enlisted tradesman tasked with preparing shells for artillery. His monthly pay doubled.{{sfn|Meyers|1992|p=35}} Poe served for two years, attaining the rank of sergeant major for artillery, the highest rank that a non-commissioned officer could achieve. He then sought to end his five-year enlistment early.{{cn|date=May 2025}}

Poe revealed his real name and his actual circumstances to his commanding officer, Lieutenant Howard, who promised to allow Poe to be honorably [[military discharge|discharged]] if he reconciled with Allan. Poe then wrote a letter to Allan, who was unsympathetic and spent several months ignoring Poe's pleas. Allan may not have written to Poe to inform him of his foster mother's illness. Frances Allan died on February 28, 1829. Poe visited the day after her burial. Perhaps softened by his wife's death, Allan agreed to support Poe's desire to receive an appointment to the [[United States Military Academy]] at [[West Point, New York]].{{sfn|Silverman|1991|pp=43–47}}

Poe was finally discharged on April 15, 1829, after securing a replacement to finish his enlistment.{{sfn|Meyers|1992|p=38}} Before entering West Point, he moved to Baltimore, where he stayed with his widowed aunt, Maria Clemm, her daughter [[Virginia Eliza Clemm Poe|Virginia Eliza Clemm]] (Poe's first cousin), his brother Henry, and his invalid grandmother Elizabeth Cairnes Poe.{{sfn|Cornelius|2002|pp=13–14}} That September, Poe received "the very first words of encouragement I ever remember to have heard"{{sfn|Sears|1978|p=114|ps=, quoting a letter from Poe to Neal.}} in a review of his poetry by influential critic [[John Neal]], which prompted Poe to dedicate one of the poems to Neal{{sfn|Lease|1972|p=130}} in his second book, ''Al Aaraaf, Tamerlane and Minor Poems'', published in Baltimore in 1829.{{sfn|Sova|2001|p=5}}

Poe traveled to West Point and matriculated as a cadet on July 1, 1830.{{sfn|Krutch|1926|p=32}} In October 1830, Allan married his second wife Louisa Patterson.{{sfn|Cornelius|2002|p=14}} This marriage and the bitter quarrels with Poe over children born to Allan out of extramarital affairs led to the foster father finally disowning Poe.{{sfn|Meyers|1992|pp=54–55}} Poe then decided to leave West Point by intentionally getting [[court-martial]]ed. On February 8, 1831, he was tried for gross neglect of duty and disobedience of orders for refusing to attend formations, classes, and church. Knowing he would be found guilty, Poe pleaded not guilty to the charges in order to induce dismissal.{{sfn|Hecker|2005|pp=49–51}}

Poe left for New York in February 1831 and then released a third volume of poems, simply titled, ''Poems''. The book was financed with help from his fellow cadets at West Point, some of whom donated as much as 75 cents to the cause. The total raised was approximately $170. They may have been expecting verses similar to the satirical ones Poe had written about commanding officers in the past.{{sfn|Meyers|1992|pp=50–51}} The book was printed by Elam Bliss of New York, labeled as "Second Edition", and included a page saying, "To the U.S. Corps of Cadets this volume is respectfully dedicated". It once again reprinted the somewhat lengthy poems, "Tamerlane", and "Al Araaf", while also including six previously unpublished poems, conspicuous among which are, "[[To Helen]]", and "[[The City in the Sea]]".{{sfn|Hecker|2005|pp=53–54}} Poe returned to Baltimore and to his aunt, brother, and cousin in March 1831. His elder brother Henry had been seriously ill for some time, in part due to complications resulting from alcoholism, and he died on August 1, 1831.{{sfn|Quinn|1998|pp=187–188}}

==Publishing career==
[[File:VirginiaPoe.jpg|thumb|In 1835, at age 26, Poe obtained a license to marry his cousin [[Virginia Eliza Clemm Poe|Virginia Clemm]], who was then aged 13; they were married for 11 years until her death.]]
[[File:Edgar Allan Poe by Samuel S Osgood, 1845.png|thumb|An 1845 portrait of Poe by [[Samuel Stillman Osgood]]]]
[[File:P1020279.JPG|thumb|The cottage in the [[Fordham, Bronx|Fordham]] section of [[the Bronx]], where Poe spent his last years]]
After his brother's death, Poe's earnest attempts to make a living as a writer were mostly unsuccessful. However, he eventually managed to earn a living by his pen alone, becoming one of the first American authors to do so. His efforts were initially hampered by the lack of an international [[copyright law]].{{sfn|Silverman|1991|p=247}} American publishers often chose to sell unauthorized copies of works by British authors rather than pay for new work written by Americans, regardless of merit. The initially anemic reception of Edgar Allan Poe's work may also have been influenced by the [[Panic of 1837]].{{sfn|Whalen|2001|p=74}}

There was a booming growth in American periodicals around this time, fueled in part by new technology, but many did not last beyond a few issues.{{sfn|Silverman|1991|p=99}} Publishers often refused to pay their writers or paid them much later than they promised,{{sfn|Whalen|2001|p=82}} and Poe repeatedly resorted to humiliating pleas for money and other assistance.{{sfn|Meyers|1992|p=139}}After his early attempts at poetry, Poe turned his attention to prose, perhaps based on John Neal's critiques in ''[[The Yankee]]'' magazine.{{sfn|Lease|1972|p=132}} He placed a few stories with a [[Philadelphia]] publication and began work on his only drama, ''[[Politian (play)|Politian]]''. The ''[[Baltimore Saturday Visiter]]'' awarded him a prize in October 1833 for his often overlooked short story "[[MS. Found in a Bottle]]".{{sfn|Sova|2001|p=162}} The tale brought him to the attention of [[John P. Kennedy]], a Baltimorean of considerable means who helped Poe place some of his other stories and introduced him to Thomas W. White, editor of the ''[[Southern Literary Messenger]]'' in Richmond.{{cn|date=May 2025}}

In 1835, Poe became assistant editor of the ''Southern Literary Messenger'',{{sfn|Sova|2001|p=225}} but White discharged him within a few weeks, allegedly for being drunk on the job.{{sfn|Meyers|1992|p=73}} Poe then returned to [[Baltimore]], where he obtained a license to marry his cousin Virginia on September 22, 1835, though it is unknown if they were actually married at that time.<ref name="Silverman 1991 124">{{harvnb|Silverman|1991|p=124}}.</ref> He was 26 and she was 13.{{cn|date=May 2025}}

Poe was reinstated by White after promising to improve his behavior, and he returned to Richmond with Virginia and her mother. He remained at the ''Messenger'' until January 1837. During this period, Poe claimed that its circulation increased from 700 to 3,500.<ref name=Allen/> He published several poems, and many book reviews, critiques, essays, and articles, as well as a few stories in the paper. On May 16, 1836, he and Virginia were officially married at a [[Presbyterian]] wedding ceremony performed by [[Amasa Converse]] at their Richmond boarding house, with a witness falsely attesting Clemm's age as 21.<ref name="Silverman 1991 124"/>{{sfn|Meyers|1992|p=85}}

===Philadelphia===
In 1838, Poe relocated to [[Philadelphia]], where he lived at five different residences between 1838 and 1844, [[Edgar Allan Poe National Historic Site|one of which at 532 N. 7th Street]] has been preserved as a [[National Historic Landmark]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The Poe House |url=https://www.nps.gov/places/poe-house.htm |publisher=[[National Park Service]] |access-date=4 November 2025}}</ref>

That same year, Poe's only novel, ''[[The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket]]'' was published and widely reviewed.{{sfn|Silverman|1991|p=137}} In the summer of 1839, he became assistant editor of ''[[Burton's Gentleman's Magazine]]''. He published numerous articles, stories, and reviews, enhancing the reputation he had established at the ''Messenger'' as one of America's foremost literary critics. Also in 1839, the collection ''[[Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque]]'' was published in two volumes, though Poe received little remuneration from it and the volumes received generally mixed reviews.{{sfn|Meyers|1992|p=113}}

In June 1840, Poe published a [[Prospectus (book)|prospectus]] announcing his intentions to start his own journal called ''[[The Stylus]]'',{{sfn|Meyers|1992|p=119}} although he originally intended to call it ''The Penn'', since it would have been based in Philadelphia. He bought advertising space for the prospectus in the June 6, 1840, issue of Philadelphia's ''[[Saturday Evening Post]]'': ''"Prospectus of the Penn Magazine, a Monthly Literary journal to be edited and published in the city of Philadelphia by Edgar A. Poe."''{{sfn|Silverman|1991|p=159}} However, Poe died before the journal could be produced.{{cn|date=May 2025}}

Poe left ''Burton's'' after a year and found a position as writer and co-editor at ''[[Graham's Magazine]]'', which was a successful monthly publication.{{sfn|Sova|2001|pp=39, 99}} In the last number of ''Graham's'' for 1841, Poe was among the co-signatories to an editorial note of celebration concerning the tremendous success the magazine had achieved in the past year: "Perhaps the editors of no magazine, either in America or in Europe, ever sat down, at the close of a year, to contemplate the progress of their work with more satisfaction than we do now. Our success has been unexampled, almost incredible. We may assert without fear of contradiction that no periodical ever witnessed the same increase during so short a period."<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Graham |first1=George |last2=Embury |first2=E. |last3=Peterson |first3=Charles |last4=Stephens |first4=A. |last5=Poe |first5=Edgar |date=December 1841 |title=The Closing Year |url=https://archive.org/details/grahamsmagazine1819grah |magazine=Graham's Magazine |location=Philadelphia, PA |publisher=George R. Graham |access-date=December 2, 2020 |quote=We began the year almost unknown; certainly far behind our contemporaries in numbers; we close it with a list of twenty-five thousand subscribers, and the assurance on every hand that our popularity has as yet seen only its dawning.}} (See page 308 of pdf.)</ref>

Around this time, Poe attempted to secure a position in the [[Presidency of John Tyler|administration]] of [[John Tyler]], claiming that he was a member of the [[Whig Party (United States)|Whig Party]].{{sfn|Quinn|1998|pp=321–322}} He hoped to be appointed to the [[United States Custom House (Philadelphia)|United States Custom House]] in [[Philadelphia]] with help from President Tyler's son [[Robert Tyler (Confederate Register of the Treasury)|Robert]],{{sfn|Silverman|1991|p=186}} an acquaintance of Poe's friend Frederick Thomas.{{sfn|Meyers|1992|p=144}} However, Poe failed to appear for a meeting with Thomas to discuss the appointment in mid-September 1842, claiming to have been sick, though Thomas believed that he had been drunk.{{sfn|Silverman|1991|p=187}} Poe was promised an appointment, but all positions were eventually filled by others.{{sfn|Silverman|1991|p=188}}

One evening in January 1842, Virginia showed the first signs of consumption, or [[tuberculosis]], while singing and playing the piano, which Poe described as the breaking of a blood vessel in her throat.{{sfn|Silverman|1991|p=179}} She only partially recovered, and Poe is alleged to have begun to drink heavily due to the stress he suffered as a result of her illness. He then left ''Graham's'' and attempted to find a new position, for a time again angling for a government post. He finally decided to return to New York where he worked briefly at the ''Evening Mirror'' before becoming editor of the ''[[Broadway Journal]]'', and later its owner.<ref name=Sova34>{{harvnb|Sova|2001|p=34}}.</ref> There Poe alienated himself from other writers by, among other things, publicly accusing [[Henry Wadsworth Longfellow]] of [[plagiarism]], though Longfellow never responded.{{sfn|Quinn|1998|p=455}} On January 29, 1845, Poe's poem, "[[The Raven]]", appeared in the ''Evening Mirror'' and quickly became a popular sensation. It made Poe a household name almost instantly,{{sfn|Hoffman|1998|p=80}} though at the time, he was paid only $9 ({{inflation|US|9|1845|fmt=eq}}) for its publication.{{sfn|Ostrom|1987|p=5}} It was concurrently published in ''[[The American Review: A Whig Journal]]'' under the pseudonym "Quarles".{{sfn|Silverman|1991|p=530}}

===The Bronx===
The ''Broadway Journal'' failed in 1846,<ref name=Sova34/> and Poe then moved to a cottage in [[Fordham, Bronx|Fordham, New York]], in [[the Bronx]]. That home, now known as the [[Edgar Allan Poe Cottage]], was relocated in later years to a park near the southeast corner of the [[Grand Concourse (Bronx)|Grand Concourse]] and Kingsbridge Road. Nearby, Poe befriended the [[Jesuits]] at St. John's College, now [[Fordham University]].<ref>Schroth, Raymond A. ''Fordham: A History and Memoir''. New York: Fordham University Press, 2008: 22–25.</ref> Virginia died at the cottage on January 30, 1847.<ref name="Poe Cottage">{{harvnb|BronxHistoricalSociety.org|2007}}.</ref> Biographers and critics often suggest that Poe's frequent theme of the "death of a beautiful woman" stems from the repeated loss of women throughout his life, including his wife.{{sfn|Weekes|2002|p=149}}

Poe was increasingly unstable after his wife's death. He attempted to court the poet [[Sarah Helen Whitman]], who lived in [[Providence, Rhode Island]]. Their engagement failed, purportedly because of Poe's drinking and erratic behavior. There is also strong evidence that Whitman's mother intervened and did much to derail the relationship.{{sfn|Benton|1987|p=19}} Poe then returned to Richmond and resumed a relationship with his childhood sweetheart Sarah Elmira Royster.{{sfn|Quinn|1998|p=628}}

==Death==
{{main|Death of Edgar Allan Poe}}

[[File:EdgarAllanPoeGrave.jpg|thumb|Poe is interred at [[Westminster Hall and Burying Ground|Westminster Hall]] in [[Baltimore]], [[Maryland]] (Lat: 39.29027; Long: −76.62333); the circumstances and cause of his death remain uncertain.]]
On October 3, 1849, Poe was found semiconscious in [[Baltimore]], "in great distress, and... in need of immediate assistance", according to Joseph W. Walker, who found him.{{sfn|Quinn|1998|p=638}} He was taken to [[Church Home and Hospital|Washington Medical College]], where he died on Sunday, October 7, 1849, at 5:00 in the morning.<ref name=Meyers255>{{harvnb|Meyers|1992|p=255}}</ref>

Poe was not coherent long enough to explain how he came to be in his dire condition and why he was wearing clothes that were not his own. He is said to have repeatedly called out the name "Reynolds" on the night before his death, though it is unclear to whom he was referring. His attending physician said that Poe's final words were, "Lord help my poor soul".<ref name="Meyers255" /> All of the relevant medical records have been lost, including Poe's [[death certificate]].{{sfn|Bramsback|1970|p=40}}

Newspapers at the time reported Poe's death as "congestion of the brain" or "cerebral inflammation", common euphemisms for death from disreputable causes such as alcoholism.{{sfn|Silverman|1991|pp=435–436}} The actual cause of death remains a mystery.{{sfn|Silverman|1991|p=435}} Speculation has included ''[[delirium tremens]]'', [[heart disease]], [[epilepsy]], [[syphilis]], [[meningitis|meningeal inflammation]],<ref name=Meyers256>{{harvnb|Meyers|1992|p=256}}</ref> [[carbon monoxide poisoning]],<ref>{{cite web|last=Geiling|first=Natasha|title=The (Still) Mysterious Death of Edgar Allan Poe|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/still-mysterious-death-edgar-allan-poe-180952936/|access-date=May 3, 2021|website=Smithsonian Magazine}}</ref> and [[rabies]].<ref>"Poe's Death Is Rewritten as Case of Rabies, Not Telltale Alcohol," ''New York Times.'' September 15, 1996; Benitez, R. Michael. (September 24, 1996). [http://www.umm.edu/news-and-events/news-releases/1996/edgar-allan-poe-mystery Edgar Allan Poe Mystery] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171007160150/http://www.umm.edu/news-and-events/news-releases/1996/edgar-allan-poe-mystery |date=October 7, 2017 }}. ''University of Maryland Medical News''</ref> One theory dating from 1872 suggests that Poe's death resulted from [[cooping]], a form of [[electoral fraud]] in which citizens were forced to vote for a particular candidate, sometimes leading to violence and even murder.{{sfn|Walsh|2000|pp=32–33}}

===Griswold's memoir===
Immediately after Poe's death, his literary rival [[Rufus Wilmot Griswold]], wrote a slanted, high-profile obituary under a pseudonym, filled with falsehoods that cast Poe as a lunatic, and which described him as a person who "walked the streets, in madness or melancholy, with lips moving in indistinct curses, or with eyes upturned in passionate prayers, (never for himself, for he felt, or professed to feel, that he was already damned)".<ref>{{cite web|last=Van Luling|first=Todd|title=A Vengeful Arch-Nemesis Taught You Fake News About Edgar Allan Poe|date=January 19, 2017|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/edgar-allen-poe-obituary_n_587d4b0de4b03549ebc02172|website=Huffington Post|access-date=July 23, 2019}}</ref>

The long obituary appeared in the ''[[New York Tribune]]'', signed, "Ludwig" on the day Poe was buried in [[Baltimore]]. It was further published throughout the country. The obituary began, "Edgar Allan Poe is dead. He died in Baltimore the day before yesterday. This announcement will startle many, but few will be grieved by it."{{sfn|Meyers|1992|p=259|ps=: To read Griswold's full obituary, see [[s:Death of Edgar Allan Poe|Edgar Allan Poe obituary]] at Wikisource.}} "Ludwig" was soon identified as Griswold, an editor, critic, and [[anthologist]] who had borne a grudge against Poe since 1842. Griswold somehow became Poe's [[literary executor]] and attempted to destroy his enemy's reputation after his death.<ref name=Hoffman14>{{harvnb|Hoffman|1998|p=14}}</ref>

Griswold wrote a biographical article of Poe called "Memoir of the Author", which he included in an 1850 volume of the collected works. There he depicted Poe as a depraved, drunken, drug-addled madman, including some of Poe's "letters" as evidence.<ref name=Hoffman14/> Many of his claims were either outright lies or obvious distortions; for example, there is little to no evidence that Edgar Allan Poe was a drug addict.{{sfn|Quinn|1998|p=693}} Griswold's book was denounced by those who knew Poe well,{{sfn|Sova|2001|p=101}} including John Neal, who published an article defending Poe and attacking Griswold as a "[[Rhadamanthus]], who is not to be bilked of his fee, a thimble-full of newspaper notoriety".{{sfn|Lease|1972|p=194|ps=, quoting Neal.}} Griswold's book nevertheless became a popularly accepted biographical source. This was in part because it was the only full biography available and was widely reprinted, and in part because readers thrilled at the thought of reading works by an "evil" man.{{sfn|Meyers|1992|p=263}} Letters that Griswold presented as proof were later revealed as [[forgeries]].{{sfn|Quinn|1998|p=699}}

==Literary style and themes==
=== Genres ===
Poe's best-known fiction works have been labeled as [[Gothic fiction|Gothic]] horror,{{sfn|Meyers|1992|p=64}} and adhere to that genre's general propensity to appeal to the public's taste for the terrifying or psychologically intimidating.<ref name="Royot57">{{harvnb|Royot|2002|p=57}}</ref> His most recurrent themes seem to deal with death. The physical signs indicating death, the nature of [[decomposition]], the popular concerns of Poe's day about [[premature burial]], the reanimation of the dead, are all at length explored in his more notable works.{{sfn|Kennedy|1987|p=3}} Many of his writings are generally considered to be part of the [[dark romanticism]] genre, which is said to be a literary reaction to [[transcendentalism]],{{sfn|Koster|2002|p=336}} which Poe strongly criticized.<ref name="ljunquist15">{{harvnb|Ljunquist|2002|p=15}}</ref> He referred to followers of the transcendental movement, including Emerson, as "Frog-Pondians", after the pond on [[Boston Common]],{{sfn|Royot|2002|pp=61–62}}<ref>{{cite web|title=(Introduction)|url=http://www.bc.edu/schools/cas/english/poebostonexhibit/|work=The Raven in the Frog Pond: Edgar Allan Poe and the City of Boston|publisher=The Trustees of Boston College|access-date=May 26, 2012|format=Exhibition at Boston Public Library|date=March 31, 2010|archive-date=February 3, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203065247/http://www.bc.edu/schools/cas/english/poebostonexhibit/|url-status=dead}}</ref> and ridiculed their writings as "metaphor—run mad,"{{sfn|Hayes|2002|p=16}} lapsing into "obscurity for obscurity's sake" or "mysticism for mysticism's sake".<ref name="ljunquist15" /> However, Poe once wrote in a letter to [[Thomas Holley Chivers]] that he did not dislike transcendentalists, "only the pretenders and [[Sophist#Modern usage|sophists]] among them".{{sfn|Silverman|1991|p=169}}

Beyond the horror stories he is most famous for, Poe also wrote a number of [[satire]]s, humor tales, and hoaxes. He was a master of sarcasm. For comic effect, he often used irony and ludicrous extravagance in a deliberate attempt to liberate the reader from cultural and literary conformity.<ref name=Royot57/> "[[Metzengerstein]]" is the first story that Poe is known to have published,{{sfn|Silverman|1991|p=88}} and his first foray into horror, but it was originally intended as a [[burlesque]] satirizing the popular genres of Poe's time.{{sfn|Fisher|1993|pp=142, 149}} Poe was also one of the forerunners of American [[science fiction]], responding in his voluminous writing to such emerging literary trends as the explorations into the possibilities of hot air balloons as featured in such works as, "[[The Balloon-Hoax]]".{{sfn|Tresch|2002|p=114}}

Much of Poe's work coincided with themes that readers of his day found appealing, though he often professed to abhor the tastes of the majority of the people who read for pleasure in his time. In his critical works, Poe investigated and wrote about many [[pseudoscience|of the pseudoscience]]s that were then popular with the majority of his fellow Americans. They included, but were not limited to, the fields of astrology, cosmology, [[phrenology]],{{sfn|Hungerford|1930|pp=209–231}}<ref name= Stern1968>{{cite journal | vauthors = Stern MB|title= Poe: "The Mental Temperament" for phrenologists |journal= Am Lit |date= 1968 | volume = 40| issue = 2|pages=155–163|doi=10.2307/2923658
|pmid=19943371 |jstor=2923658 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2923658|url-access=subscription}}</ref> and [[physiognomy]].{{sfn|Grayson|2005|pp=56–77}}

===Literary theory===
Poe's writings often reflect the literary theories he introduced in his prolific critical works and expounded on in such essays as, "[[The Poetic Principle]]".<ref name=Krutch225>{{harvnb|Krutch|1926|p=225}}</ref> He disliked [[didacticism]]{{sfn|Kagle|1990|p=104}} and imitation masquerading as influence, believing originality to be the highest mark of genius. In Poe's conception of the artist's life, the attainment of the concretization of beauty should be the ultimate goal. That which is unique is alone of value. Works with obvious meanings, he wrote, cease to be art.{{sfn|Wilbur|1967|p=99}} He believed that any work worthy of being praised should have as its focus a single specific effect.<ref name=Krutch225/> That which does not tend towards the effect is extraneous. In his view, every serious writer must carefully calculate each sentiment and idea in his or her work to ensure that it strengthens the theme of the piece.{{sfn|Jannaccone|1974|p=3}}

Poe describes the method he employed while composing his most famous poem, "The Raven", in an essay entitled "[[The Philosophy of Composition]]". However, many of Poe's critics have questioned whether the method enunciated in the essay was formulated before the poem was written, or afterward, or, as [[T.&nbsp;S. Eliot]] is quoted as saying, "It is difficult for us to read that essay without reflecting that if Poe plotted out his poem with such calculation, he might have taken a little more pains over it: the result hardly does credit to the method."{{sfn|Hoffman|1998|p=76}} Biographer Joseph Wood Krutch described the essay as "a rather highly ingenious exercise in the art of rationalization".{{sfn|Krutch|1926|p=98}}

==Legacy==
===Influence===
[[File:Raven Manet D2.jpg|thumb|An 1875 illustration of Poe by French impressionist [[Édouard Manet]] for the [[Stéphane Mallarmé]] translation of "[[The Raven]]"]]
[[File:Edgar A. Poe - NARA - 528345 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Poe depicted in a modern retouched version of a [[daguerreotype]]]]
During his lifetime, Poe was mostly recognized as a literary critic. The vast majority of Edgar Allan Poe's writings are nonfictional. Contemporary critic [[James Russell Lowell]] called him, "the most discriminating, philosophical, and fearless critic upon imaginative works who has written in America," suggesting—rhetorically—that he occasionally used [[prussic acid]] instead of ink.{{sfn|Quinn|1998|p=432}} Poe's often caustic reviews earned him the reputation of being a "tomahawk man".<ref>{{Cite book|title=Edgar Allan Poe: Rhetoric and Style|last=Zimmerman|first=Brett|year=2005|publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press|location=Montreal|isbn=978-0-7735-2899-4|pages=85–87}}</ref> One target of Poe's criticism was Boston's acclaimed poet [[Henry Wadsworth Longfellow]], who was defended by his friends, literary and otherwise, in what was later called, "The Longfellow War". Poe accused Longfellow of "the heresy of the didactic", writing poetry that was preachy, derivative, and thematically plagiarized.<ref name=Lewis>{{cite news|last=Lewis|first=Paul|title=Quoth the detective: Edgar Allan Poe's case against the Boston literati|url=http://www.boston.com/ae/books/articles/2011/03/06/quoth_the_detective/?page=full|work=boston.com|publisher=Globe Newspaper Company|access-date=April 9, 2013|date=March 6, 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603120501/http://www.boston.com/ae/books/articles/2011/03/06/quoth_the_detective/?page=full|archive-date=June 3, 2013}}</ref> Poe correctly predicted that Longfellow's reputation and style of poetry would decline, concluding, "We grant him high qualities, but deny him the Future".<ref name=BosLitHist>{{cite web|title=Longfellow's Serenity and Poe's Prediction|url=https://www.bostonliteraryhistory.com/chapter-5|work=Forgotten Chapters of Boston's Literary History|publisher=The Trustees of Boston College|access-date=May 22, 2012|format=Exhibition at Boston Public Library and Massachusetts Historical Society|date=July 30, 2012}}</ref>

Poe became known as the creator of a type of fiction that was difficult to categorize and nearly impossible to imitate. He was one of the first American authors of the 19th century to become more popular in Europe than in the United States.<ref name=Meyers258>{{harvnb|Meyers|1992|p=258}}</ref> Poe was particularly esteemed in France, in part due to early translations of his work by [[Charles Baudelaire]]. Baudelaire's translations became definitive renditions of Poe's work in Continental Europe.{{sfn|Harner|1990|p=218}}

Poe's early mystery tales featuring the detective, [[C. Auguste Dupin]], though not numerous, laid the groundwork for similar characters that would eventually become famous throughout the world. Sir [[Arthur Conan Doyle]] said, "Each [of Poe's detective stories] is a root from which a whole literature has developed.... Where was the detective story until Poe breathed the breath of life into it?"{{sfn|Frank|Magistrale|1997|p=103}} The [[Mystery Writers of America]] have named their awards for excellence in the mystery genre "The [[Edgar Award|Edgars]]".{{sfn|Neimeyer|2002|p=206}} Poe's work also influenced writings that would eventually come to be called "science fiction", notably the works of [[Jules Verne]], who wrote a sequel to Poe's novel ''The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket'' called ''[[An Antarctic Mystery]]'', also known as ''The Sphinx of the Ice Fields''.{{sfn|Frank|Magistrale|1997|p=364}} And as the author [[H.&nbsp;G. Wells]] noted, "''Pym'' tells what a very intelligent mind could imagine about the south polar region a century ago".{{sfn|Frank|Magistrale|1997|p=372}} In 2013, ''[[The Guardian]]'' cited ''Pym'' as one of the greatest novels ever written in the English language, and noted its influence on later authors such as Doyle, [[Henry James]], [[B. Traven]], and [[David Morrell]].<ref name="guardian">{{cite news | last = McCrum | first = Robert | title = The 100 best novels: No 10 – The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket by Edgar Allan Poe (1838) | work = [[The Guardian]] | date = November 23, 2013 | url = https://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/nov/24/arthur-gordon-pym-nantucket-edgar-allan-poe-100-novels | access-date = August 8, 2016 | url-status=live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160911130937/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/nov/24/arthur-gordon-pym-nantucket-edgar-allan-poe-100-novels | archive-date = September 11, 2016 | df = mdy-all }}</ref>

Horror author and historian [[H. P. Lovecraft]] was heavily influenced by Poe's horror tales, dedicating an entire section of his long essay, "[[Supernatural Horror in Literature]]", to his influence on the genre.{{sfn|Joshi|1996|p=382}} In his letters, Lovecraft described Poe as his "God of Fiction".{{sfnm|1a1=Pedersen|1y=2018|1pp=172–173|2a1=Joshi|2y=2013|2p=263|3a1=St. Armand|3y=1975|3p=129}} Lovecraft's earliest stories are clearly influenced by Poe.{{sfnm|1a1=Jamneck|1y=2012|1pp=126–151|2a1=St. Armand|2y=1975|2pp=129–130}} ''[[At the Mountains of Madness]]'' directly quotes him. Lovecraft made extensive use of Poe's concept of the "unity of effect" in his fiction.{{sfn|Joshi|2017|pp=x–xi}} [[Alfred Hitchcock]] once said, "It's because I liked Edgar Allan Poe's stories so much that I began to make suspense films".<ref>{{cite news |title=Edgar Allan Poe |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/jun/12/edgarallanpoe |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=July 22, 2008 |access-date =February 14, 2019}}</ref> Many references to Poe's works are present in [[Vladimir Nabokov]]'s novels.<ref>[http://www.randomhouse.com/features/nabokov/speak.html Brian Boyd on Speak, Memory] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140629055211/http://www.randomhouse.com/features/nabokov/speak.html}}, Vladimir Nabokov Centennial, Random House, Inc.</ref> The Japanese author Tarō Hirai derived his pen name, [[Edogawa Ranpo]], from an altered phonetic rendering of Poe's name.{{sfn|Silver|2008|pp=14–15}}

Poe's works have spawned many imitators.{{sfn|Meyers|1992|p=281}} In 1863, a medium named [[Lizzie Doten]] published ''Poems of the Inner Life'', which compiled several poems she claimed were written by the channeled spirits of dead authors. She claimed six were by Poe, though Poe scholar Christopher P. Semtner dismisses them as "merely pastiches".<ref>Semtner, Christopher P. ''Haunting Poe: His Afterlife in Richmond and Beyond''. Charleston, SC: The History Press, 2022: 79. {{ISBN|9781467151269}}</ref>

Poe has also received criticism. This is partly because of the negative perception of his personal character and its influence upon his reputation.<ref name=Meyers258/> [[William Butler Yeats]] was occasionally critical of Poe and once called him "vulgar".{{sfn|Meyers|1992|p=274}} Transcendentalist [[Ralph Waldo Emerson]] reacted to "The Raven" by saying, "I see nothing in it",{{sfn|Silverman|1991|p=265}} and derisively referred to Poe as "the jingle man".{{sfn|''New York Times''|1894}} [[Aldous Huxley]] wrote that Poe's writing "falls into vulgarity" by being "too poetical"—the equivalent of wearing a diamond ring on every finger.{{sfn|Huxley|1967|p=32}}

It is believed that only twelve copies have survived of Poe's first book ''Tamerlane and Other Poems''. In December 2009, one copy sold at [[Christie's|Christie's auctioneers]] in New York City for $662,500, a record price paid for a work of American literature.{{sfn|''New York Daily News''|2009}}

===Physics and cosmology===
''[[Eureka: A Prose Poem]]'', an essay written in 1848, included a cosmological theory that presaged the [[Big Bang]] theory by 80 years,{{sfn|Cappi|1994}}{{sfn|Rombeck|2005}} as well as the first plausible solution to [[Olbers' paradox]].{{sfn|Harrison|1987|p=}}{{sfn|Smoot|Davidson|1994|p=}}
Poe eschewed the [[scientific method]] in ''Eureka'' and instead wrote from pure [[intuition (knowledge)|intuition]].<ref name=Meyers214>{{harvnb|Meyers|1992|p=214}}</ref> For this reason, he considered it a work of art, not science,<ref name=Meyers214/> but insisted that it was still true{{sfn|Silverman|1991|p=399}} and considered it to be his career masterpiece.{{sfn|Meyers|1992|p=219}} Even so, ''Eureka'' is full of scientific errors. In particular, Poe's suggestions ignored [[Newton's laws of motion|Newtonian principles]] regarding the density and rotation of planets.{{sfn|Sova|2001|p=82}}

===Cryptography===
Poe had a keen interest in [[cryptography]]. He had placed a notice of his abilities in the Philadelphia paper ''Alexander's Weekly (Express) Messenger'', inviting submissions of [[cipher]]s which he proceeded to solve.<ref name=Silverman152>{{harvnb|Silverman|1991|p=152}}</ref> In July 1841, Poe had published an essay called "A Few Words on Secret Writing" in ''Graham's Magazine''. Capitalizing on public interest in the topic, he wrote "[[The Gold-Bug]]" incorporating ciphers as an essential part of the story.{{sfn|Rosenheim|1997|pp=2, 6}} Poe's success with cryptography relied not so much on his deep knowledge of that field (his method was limited to the simple [[Substitution cipher|substitution cryptogram]]) as on his knowledge of the magazine and newspaper culture. His keen analytical abilities, which were so evident in his detective stories, allowed him to see that the general public was largely ignorant of the methods by which a simple substitution cryptogram can be solved, and he used this to his advantage.<ref name=Silverman152/> The sensation that Poe created with his cryptography stunts played a major role in popularizing cryptograms in newspapers and magazines.{{sfn|Friedman|1993|pp=40–41}}

Two ciphers he published in 1841 under the name "W.&nbsp;B. Tyler" were not solved until 1992 and 2000 respectively. One was a quote from [[Joseph Addison]]'s play ''[[Cato, a Tragedy|Cato]]''; the other is probably based on a poem by [[Hester Thrale]].<ref>"Though some wondered whether Poe wrote the source text, I find that it previously appeared in the ''Baltimore Sun'' of July 4, 1840; and that it was in turn based on a widely reprinted poem ("Nuptial Repartee") that first appeared in the June 21, 1813, ''Morning Herald'' of London. A manuscript in the hand of Hester Thrale (i.e., Hester Lynch Piozzi) in Harvard's library hints that she may be the true author." From ''Edgar Allan Poe: The Fever Called Living'' by Paul Collins. Boston: New Harvest/[[Houghton Mifflin Harcourt]], 2014: p. 111.</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Donn |first=Jeff |title=Poe's puzzle decoded, but meaning is mystery |url=https://www.tulsaworld.com/archive/poe-s-puzzle-decoded-but-meaning-is-mystery/article_26eed84f-4bac-5268-9186-8246d6053280.html |newspaper=Tulsa World |date=December 2000 |access-date=June 2, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817183521/https://www.tulsaworld.com/archive/poe-s-puzzle-decoded-but-meaning-is-mystery/article_26eed84f-4bac-5268-9186-8246d6053280.html |archive-date=August 17, 2020}}</ref>

Poe had an influence on cryptography beyond increasing public interest during his lifetime. [[William Friedman]], America's foremost cryptologist, was heavily influenced by Poe.{{sfn|Rosenheim|1997|p=15}} Friedman's initial interest in cryptography came from reading "The Gold-Bug" as a child, an interest that he later put to use in deciphering Japan's [[Purple (cipher machine)|PURPLE]] code during [[World War&nbsp;II]].{{sfn|Rosenheim|1997|p=146}}

===Political stances===
Poe was a news writer for a variety of presses including ''Southern Literary Messenger'', ''Burton's Gentleman's Magazine'', ''Graham's Magazine'', and the ''Broadway Journal''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Fisher |first=Benjamin |title=Poe in His Own Time: A Biographical Chronicle of His Life, Drawn from Recollections, Interviews, and Memoirs by Family, Friends, and Associates |publisher=University of Iowa Press |date=2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eapoe.org/works/editions/prdcls.htm|publisher=Edgar Allan Poe Society of Baltimore |title=Annuals, Magazines and Periodicals |access-date=July 13, 2025}}</ref> In his news writing, Poe was critical of the American political system and was consequently labeled anti-American and "bitterly hostile." <ref>{{cite book |last=Williams |first=George |title=Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences |publisher=Washington Academy of Sciences |date=2019 |chapter=Vol. 105, No.4}}</ref> He often called the government a [[Mob rule|mobocracy]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Brenam|first=Amy |title=Edgar Allan Poe In Context |date=2013 |chapter=21 - The Politics of Publishing}}</ref> In the ''Southern Literary Messenger'', he critiqued [[William Lynch (Lynch law)|lynching]] by calling its proponents "A trained band of villains" and "unlawful and abandoned wretches".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eapoe.org/works/misc/lynchlaw.htm|publisher=Southern Literary Magazine |title=Editorial |access-date=July 13, 2025}}</ref>

In ''Graham's Magazine'' in 1846, he proposed separating the Appalachian South from the United States<ref name=williams>John Alexander Williams, ''Appalachia: A History''. Chapel Hill: the University of North Carolina Press, 2002: 11–14.</ref> and naming it the "United States of Alleghania".<ref>{{cite book |last=Poe |first=Edgar Allan |editor-last=Kennedy |editor-first=Gerald |title=The Portable Edgar Allan Poe |publisher=Penguin Books |date=2006 |page=600 |chapter=The Name of the Nation}}</ref>

==Commemorations and namesake==
[[File:Edgar Allen Poe, 1949 issue.jpg|thumb|upright=1|On October 7, 1949, the U.S. Post Office issued a commemorative stamp honoring Edgar Allan Poe on the 100th anniversary of his death.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://postalmuseum.si.edu/object/npm_1980.2493.4083 |publisher=Smithsonian National Postal Museum |title=Edgar Allan Poe, issue of 1949 |access-date=September 30, 2024}}</ref>]]
{{main|Edgar Allan Poe in popular culture|Edgar Allan Poe in television and film}}

===Character===
The historical Edgar Allan Poe has appeared as a fictionalized character, often in order to represent the "mad genius" or "tormented artist" and in order to exploit his personal struggles.{{sfn|Neimeyer|2002|p=209}} Many such depictions also blend in with characters from his stories, suggesting that Poe and his characters share identities.{{sfn|Gargano|1967|p=165}} Often, fictional depictions of Poe use his mystery-solving skills in such novels as ''[[The Poe Shadow]]'' by [[Matthew Pearl]].{{sfn|Maslin|2006}}

===Preserved homes, landmarks, and museums===
{{anchor|Preserved homes, landmarks, and museums}}
[[File:PoeNHS.JPG|thumb|left|upright=0.7|The [[Edgar Allan Poe National Historic Site]] in [[Philadelphia]], one of several preserved former residences of Poe]]
No childhood home of Poe is still standing, including the Allan family's Moldavia estate. The oldest standing home in [[Richmond, Virginia|Richmond]], the Old Stone House, is in use as the [[Edgar Allan Poe Museum (Richmond)|Edgar Allan Poe Museum]], though Poe never lived there. The collection includes many items that Poe used during his time with the Allan family, and also features several rare first printings of Poe works. 13 West Range is the dorm room that Poe is believed to have used while studying at the [[University of Virginia]] in 1826; it is preserved and available for visits. Its upkeep is overseen by a group of students and staff known as the [[Raven Society]].{{sfn|The Raven Society|2014}}

The earliest surviving home in which Poe lived is at 203 North Amity St. in [[Baltimore]], which is preserved as the [[Edgar Allan Poe House and Museum]]. Poe is believed to have lived in the home at the age of 23 when he first lived with Maria Clemm and Virginia and possibly his grandmother and possibly his brother William Henry Leonard Poe.{{sfn|Edgar Allan Poe Society|2007}}

Between 1834 and 1844, Poe lived in at least four different Philadelphia residences, including the Indian Queen Hotel at 15 S. 4th Street, at a residence at 16th and [[Locust Street]]s, at 2502 Fairmount Street, and then in the [[Spring Garden, Philadelphia|Spring Garden]] section of the city at 532 N. 7th Street, a residence that has been preserved by the [[National Park Service]] as the [[Edgar Allan Poe National Historic Site]].<ref>[https://www.theconstitutional.com/blog/2018/08/20/edgar-allan-poe-house-%E2%80%93-national-historic-site# "Edgar Allan Poe House"], The Constitutional Walking Tour, August 22, 2018</ref>{{sfn|Burns|2006}} Poe's final home in [[the Bronx|Bronx]], New York City, is preserved as the [[Edgar Allan Poe Cottage]].<ref name="Poe Cottage"/>

In [[Boston]], a commemorative plaque on [[Boylston Street]] is several blocks away from the actual location of Poe's birth.<ref name=RavenRet>{{cite web|title=Poe & Boston: 2009|url=http://www.bc.edu/libraries/about/exhibits/oneill/2008winter/now.html|work=The Raven Returns: Edgar Allan Poe Bicentennial Celebration|publisher=The Trustees of Boston College|access-date=May 26, 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730104913/http://www.bc.edu/libraries/about/exhibits/oneill/2008winter/now.html|archive-date=July 30, 2013}}</ref><ref name=Poe>{{cite web|title=Edgar Allan Poe Birth Place|url=http://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WM2MWP|work=Massachusetts Historical Markers on Waymarking.com|publisher=Groundspeak, Inc|access-date=May 11, 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515182453/http://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WM2MWP|archive-date=May 15, 2013}}</ref>{{sfn|Van Hoy|2007}}<ref name=Glenn>{{harvnb|Glenn|2007}}</ref> The house which was his birthplace at 62 Carver Street no longer exists; also, the street has since been renamed "Charles Street South".<ref name="BosLitHistMap">{{cite web|title=An Interactive Map of Literary Boston: 1794–1862|url=https://bostonliteraryhistory.com/sites/default/files/bostonliteraryhistorymap.pdf|work=Forgotten Chapters of Boston's Literary History|publisher=The Trustees of Boston College|access-date=May 22, 2012|format=Exhibition|date=July 30, 2012}}</ref><ref name=Glenn/> A "square" at the intersection of Broadway, Fayette, and Carver Streets had once been named in his honor,<ref name=OldPoeSq>{{cite web|title=Edgar Allan Poe Square|url=http://bostonhistory.typepad.com/notes_on_the_urban_condit/2007/01/edgar_allen_poe.html|work=The City Record, and Boston News-letter|access-date=May 11, 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100710104718/http://bostonhistory.typepad.com/notes_on_the_urban_condit/2007/01/edgar_allen_poe.html|archive-date=July 10, 2010}}</ref> but it disappeared when the streets were rearranged. In 2009, the intersection of Charles and Boylston streets (two blocks north of his birthplace) was designated "Edgar Allan Poe Square".<ref name=PoeSq>{{cite web|title=Edgar Allan Poe Square|url=http://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WM6AMW_Edgar_Allan_Poe_Square__Boston_MA|work=Massachusetts Historical Markers on Waymarking.com|publisher=Groundspeak, Inc|access-date=May 11, 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515193417/http://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WM6AMW_Edgar_Allan_Poe_Square__Boston_MA|archive-date=May 15, 2013}}</ref>

In March 2014, fundraising was completed for construction of a permanent memorial sculpture, known as ''[[Poe Returning to Boston]]'', at this location. The winning design by [[Stefanie Rocknak]] depicts a life-sized Poe striding against the wind, accompanied by a flying raven; his suitcase lid has fallen open, leaving a "paper trail" of literary works embedded in the sidewalk behind him.<ref name="Fox2013">{{cite news|last=Fox|first=Jeremy C.|title=Vision for an Edgar Allan Poe memorial in Boston comes closer to reality|url=http://www.boston.com/yourtown/news/downtown/2013/02/vision_for_an_edgar_allan_poe.html|access-date=April 9, 2013|newspaper=boston.com (Boston Globe)|date=February 1, 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150430091910/http://www.boston.com/yourtown/news/downtown/2013/02/vision_for_an_edgar_allan_poe.html|archive-date=April 30, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Kaiser">{{cite news|last=Kaiser|first=Johanna|title=Boston chooses life-size Edgar Allan Poe statue to commemorate writer's ties to city|url=http://www.boston.com/yourtown/news/beacon_hill/2012/04/life-size_poe_statue_chosen_to.html|access-date=April 9, 2013|newspaper=boston.com (Boston Globe)|date=April 23, 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529131250/http://www.boston.com/yourtown/news/beacon_hill/2012/04/life-size_poe_statue_chosen_to.html|archive-date=May 29, 2013}}</ref> The public unveiling on October 5, 2014, was attended by former U.S. [[United States Poet Laureate|poet laureate]] [[Robert Pinsky]].<ref name="Lee">{{cite news|last1=Lee|first1=M.G.|title=Edgar Allan Poe immortalized in the city he loathed|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2014/10/05/evermore-edgar-allan-poe-immortalized-city-loathed/LpGC9U4FZ2w3HFIXomOwON/story.html|access-date=July 2, 2015|work=[[The Boston Globe]]|date=October 5, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702204922/https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2014/10/05/evermore-edgar-allan-poe-immortalized-city-loathed/LpGC9U4FZ2w3HFIXomOwON/story.html|archive-date=July 2, 2015}}</ref>

Other Poe landmarks include a building on the [[Upper West Side]], where Poe temporarily lived when he first moved to New York City. A plaque suggests that Poe wrote "[[The Raven]]" here. On [[Sullivan's Island, South Carolina|Sullivan's Island]] in [[Charleston County, South Carolina]], the setting of Poe's tale "[[The Gold-Bug]]" and where Poe served in the Army in 1827 at [[Fort Moultrie]], there is a restaurant called Poe's Tavern. In the [[Fells Point]] section of [[Baltimore]], a bar still stands where legend says that Poe was last seen drinking before his death. Known as "The Horse You Came in On", local lore insists that a ghost whom they call "Edgar" haunts the rooms above.{{sfn|Lake|2006|p=195}}

===Poe Toaster===
{{main|Poe Toaster}}

[[File:Edgar Allan Poe 2 retouched and transparent bg.png|upright|thumb|An 1848 "Ultima Thule" [[daguerreotype]] of Poe]]

Between 1949 and 2009, a bottle of [[cognac]] and three roses were left at Poe's original grave marker every January 19 by an unknown visitor affectionately referred to as the "Poe Toaster". Sam Porpora was a historian at the Westminster Church in [[Baltimore]], where Poe is buried; he claimed on August 15, 2007, that he had started the tradition in 1949. Porpora said that the tradition began in order to raise money and enhance the profile of the church. His story has not been confirmed,{{sfn|Hall|2007}} and some details which he gave to the press are factually inaccurate.{{sfn|Associated Press|2007}} The Poe Toaster's last appearance was on January 19, 2009, the day of Poe's bicentennial.<ref>{{cite news |title=Poe Toaster tribute is 'nevermore' |url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/2010/01/19/poe-toaster-tribute-is-nevermore/ |url-status=live |newspaper=[[The Baltimore Sun]] |publisher=Tribune Company |date=January 19, 2010 |access-date=January 19, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120065113/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2010-01-19/entertainment/bal-poe0119_1_poe-toaster-jeff-jerome-edgar-allan-poe-house |archive-date=January 20, 2012 }}</ref>

==List of selected works==
{{Main|Edgar Allan Poe bibliography}}

'''Short stories'''
{{div col|colwidth=28em}}
* "[[Berenice (short story)|Berenice]]"
* "[[The Black Cat (short story)|The Black Cat]]"
* "[[The Cask of Amontillado]]"
* "[[A Descent into the Maelström]]"
* "[[The Facts in the Case of M. Valdemar]]"
* "[[The Fall of the House of Usher]]"
* "[[The Gold-Bug]]"
* "[[Hop-Frog]]"
* "[[The Imp of the Perverse (short story)|The Imp of the Perverse]]"
* "[[Ligeia]]"
* "[[The Masque of the Red Death]]"
* "[[Morella (short story)|Morella]]"
* "[[The Murders in the Rue Morgue]]"
* "[[Never Bet the Devil Your Head]]"
* "[[The Oval Portrait]]"
* "[[The Pit and the Pendulum]]"
* "[[The Premature Burial]]"
* "[[The Purloined Letter]]"
* "[[The System of Doctor Tarr and Professor Fether]]"
* "[[The Tell-Tale Heart]]"
* "[[Loss of Breath]]"
* "[[William Wilson (short story)|William Wilson]]"{{div col end}}

'''Poetry'''
{{div col|colwidth=28em}}
* "[[Al Aaraaf]]"
* "[[Annabel Lee]]"
* "[[The Bells (poem)|The Bells]]"
* "[[The City in the Sea]]"
* "[[The Conqueror Worm]]"
* "[[A Dream Within a Dream]]"
* "[[Eldorado (poem)|Eldorado]]"
* "[[Eulalie]]"
* "[[The Haunted Palace (poem)|The Haunted Palace]]"
* "[[To Helen]]"
* "[[Lenore (poem)|Lenore]]"
* "[[Tamerlane (poem)|Tamerlane]]"
* "[[The Raven]]"
* "[[Ulalume]]"
{{div col end}}

'''Other works'''
* ''[[Politian (play)|Politian]]'' (1835)&nbsp;– Poe's only play
* ''[[The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket]]'' (1838)&nbsp;– Poe's only complete novel
* ''[[The Journal of Julius Rodman]]'' (1840)&nbsp;– Poe's second, unfinished novel
* "[[The Balloon-Hoax]]" (1844)&nbsp;– A journalistic [[hoax]] printed as a true story
* "[[The Philosophy of Composition]]" (1846)&nbsp;– Essay
* ''[[Eureka: A Prose Poem]]'' (1848)&nbsp;– Essay
* "[[The Poetic Principle]]" (1848)&nbsp;– Essay
* "[[The Light-House]]" (1849)&nbsp;– Poe's last, incomplete work

==See also==
* [[Edgar Allan Poe and music]]
* {{anl|Poe (crater)|Poe}}
* {{USS|E.A. Poe}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
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* {{Cite book |last=Benton |first=Richard P. |title=Myths and Reality: The Mysterious Mr. Poe |publisher=The Edgar Allan Poe Society |year=1987 |isbn=978-0-9616449-1-8 |editor-last=Fisher |editor-first=Benjamin Franklin IV |location=Baltimore |pages=1–25 |chapter=Poe's Literary Labors and Rewards |chapter-url=https://www.eapoe.org/papers/psbbooks/pb19871c.htm}}
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* {{Cite web |last=BronxHistoricalSociety.org |year=2007 |title=Edgar Allan Poe Cottage |url=http://bronxhistoricalsociety.org/about/poecottage.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011072300/http://bronxhistoricalsociety.org/about/poecottage.html |archive-date=October 11, 2007}}
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* {{Cite journal |last=Cappi |first=Alberto |year=1994 |title=Edgar Allan Poe's Physical Cosmology |journal=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society |volume=35 |pages=177–192 |bibcode=1994QJRAS..35..177C}}
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* {{Citation |last=Royot |first=Daniel |title=The Cambridge Companion to Edgar Allan Poe |pages=57–71 |year=2002 |editor-last=Hayes |editor-first=Kevin J. |chapter=Poe's Humor |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-79326-1}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sears |first=Donald A. |title=John Neal |publisher=Twayne Publishers |year=1978 |isbn=978-0-8057-7230-2 |location=Boston}}
* {{Cite book |last=Silver |first=Mark |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FLF9Q_DD3KwC |title=Purloined Letters: Cultural Borrowing and Japanese Crime Literature, 1868-1937 |publisher=University of Hawaiʻi Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-8248-6405-7 |doi=10.1515/9780824864057 |jstor=j.ctt6wqvpd |id={{Project MUSE|8292|type=book}} |s2cid=190372684}}
* {{Cite book |last=Silverman |first=Kenneth |url=https://archive.org/details/edgarpoe00kenn |title=Edgar A. Poe: Mournful and Never-Ending Remembrance |publisher=Harper Perennial |year=1991 |isbn=978-0-06-092331-0 |edition=Paperback |location=New York |author-link=Kenneth Silverman}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Smoot |first1=George |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780380720446 |title=Wrinkles in Time |last2=Davidson |first2=Keay |publisher=Harper Perennial |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-380-72044-6 |edition=Reprint |location=New York |author-link=George Smoot}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sova |first=Dawn B. |url=https://archive.org/details/edgarallanpoetoz0000sova |title=Edgar Allan Poe A to Z: The Essential Reference to His Life and Work |publisher=Checkmark Books |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-8160-4161-9 |edition=Paperback |location=New York |url-access=registration}}
* {{Cite book |last=Stableford |first=Brian |url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00jame_241 |title=The Cambridge Companion to Science Fiction |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-521-01657-5 |editor-last=James |editor-first=Edward |location=Cambridge |pages=[https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00jame_241/page/n44 15]–31 |chapter=Science fiction before the genre |author-link=Brian Stableford |editor-last2=Mendlesohn |editor-first2=Farah |url-access=limited}}
* {{Cite journal |author-link=Barton Levi St. Armand|last=St. Armand |first=Barton Levi |date=1975 |title=H. P. Lovecraft: New England Decadent |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/calib_0575-2124_1975_num_12_1_1046 |journal=Caliban |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=127–155 |doi=10.3406/calib.1975.1046 |eissn=2431-1766 |s2cid=220649713}}
* {{Cite book |last=Tresch |first=John |url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00haye |title=The Cambridge Companion to Edgar Allan Poe |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-521-79326-1 |editor-last=Hayes |editor-first=Kevin J. |location=Cambridge |pages=[https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00haye/page/n134 113]–132 |chapter=Extra! Extra! Poe invents science fiction |url-access=limited}}
* {{Cite news |last=Van Hoy |first=David C. |date=February 18, 2007 |title=The Fall of the House of Edgar |work=The Boston Globe |url=https://archive.boston.com/news/local/articles/2007/02/18/the_fall_of_the_house_of_edgar/ |access-date=October 7, 2019}}
* {{Cite book |last=Walsh |first=John Evangelist |title=Poe the Detective: The Curious Circumstances behind 'The Mystery of Marie Roget' |publisher=St. Martins Minotaur |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-8135-0567-1 |location=New York |orig-year=1968}} (1968 edition printed by Rutgers University Press)
* {{Cite book |last=Weekes |first=Karen |url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00haye_579 |title=The Cambridge Companion to Edgar Allan Poe |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-521-79326-1 |editor-last=Hayes |editor-first=Kevin J. |location=Cambridge |pages=[https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00haye_579/page/n168 148]–162 |chapter=Poe's feminine ideal |url-access=limited}}
* {{Cite book |last=Whalen |first=Terance |url=https://archive.org/details/historicalguidet00kenn |title=A Historical Guide to Edgar Allan Poe |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-19-512150-6 |editor-last=Kennedy |editor-first=J. Gerald |location=New York |pages=[https://archive.org/details/historicalguidet00kenn/page/n71 63]–94 |chapter=Poe and the American Publishing Industry |url-access=limited}}
* {{Cite book |last=Wilbur |first=Richard |title=Poe: A Collection of Critical Essays |publisher=Prentice-Hall |year=1967 |isbn=978-0-13-684963-6 |editor-last=Regan |editor-first=Robert |location=Englewood Cliffs, NJ |page=[https://archive.org/details/collectionofcrit0000rega/page/99 99] |chapter=The House of Poe |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/collectionofcrit0000rega/page/99}}
{{Refend}}

==Further reading==
{{Library resources box
 |onlinebooks=yes
 |by=yes
 |viaf=60351476}}
* {{Cite book |title=Poe: A Life Cut Short |last=Ackroyd |first=Peter |year=2008 |publisher=Chatto & Windus |location=London |isbn=978-0-7011-6988-6 |author-link=Peter Ackroyd}}
* {{Cite book |last=Baab-Muguira |first=Catherine |title=Poe for Your Problems |publisher=Running Press |date=September 2021 |isbn=978-0-7624-9909-0 |location=New York}}
* {{Cite book |title=Poe: A Biography |url=https://archive.org/details/poebiography00bitt |url-access=registration |last=Bittner |first=William |year=1962 |publisher=Little, Brown and Company |location=Boston |isbn=}}
* {{Cite book |last=Carlson |first=Eric Walter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nMHFGbxYhEMC&pg=PA476 |title=A Companion to Poe Studies |publisher=Greenwood Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-313-26506-8 |location=Westport, CT}}
* {{cite book |title=The letters from George W. Eveleth to Edgar Allan Poe |volume=26 |series=Bulletin of the New York Public Library |author=George Washington Eveleth |editor=Thomas Ollive Mabbott |edition=reprint |year=1922 |publisher=The New York Public Library |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6j9bAAAAMAAJ&q=bibliogroup:%22Bulletin+of+the+New+York+Public+Library%22}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/unknownpoeanthol0000poee |title=The Unknown Poe |publisher=City Lights |year=1980 |isbn=978-0-87286-110-7 |editor-last=Foye |editor-first=Raymond |edition=Paperback |location=San Francisco, CA}}
* {{Citation |last=Harrowitz |first=Nancy |title=The Sign of Three: Dupin, Holmes, Peirce |date=1984 |pages=179–197 |editor-last=Eco |editor-first=Umberto |chapter=The Body of the Detective Model: Charles S. Peirce and Edgar Allan Poe |place=Bloomington, IN |publisher=History Workshop, Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-35235-4 |editor2-last=Sebeok |editor2-first=Thomas |editor1-link=Umberto Eco |editor2-link=Thomas Sebeok}}. Harrowitz discusses Poe's "tales of ratiocination" in the light of [[Charles Sanders Peirce]]'s logic of making good guesses or [[abductive reasoning]].
* {{Cite book |last=Nelson |first=Randy F. |url=https://archive.org/details/almanacofamerica00nels |title=The Almanac of American Letters |publisher=William Kaufmann, Inc. |year=1981 |isbn=978-0-86576-008-0 |location=Los Altos, CA}}
* {{Cite book |title=Poe |last=Hutchisson |first=James M. |year=2005 |publisher=University Press of Mississippi |location=Jackson |isbn=978-1-57806-721-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781578067213}}
* {{cite book |last1=Levin |first1=Harry |title=The Power of Blackness: Hawthorne, Poe, Melville |date=1980 |publisher=Ohio University Press |location=Athens, OH |isbn=9780821405819}}
* {{Cite book |title=Edgar Allan Poe: An Illustrated Companion to His Tell-Tale Stories |last=Poe |first=Harry Lee |year=2008 |publisher=Metro Books |location=New York |isbn=978-1-4351-0469-3 |author-link=Harry Lee Poe}}
* {{cite book |last=Pope-Hennessy |first=Una |year=1934 |title=Edgar Allan Poe, 1809–1849: A Critical Biography |publisher=Haskell House |location=New York}}
* [[Marilynne Robinson|Robinson, Marilynne]], "On Edgar Allan Poe", ''[[The New York Review of Books]]'', vol. LXII, no. 2 (February 5, 2015), pp.&nbsp;4, 6.
* {{Cite book |title=The Reason for the Darkness of the Night: Edgar Allan Poe and the Forging of American Science |last=Tresch |first=John |year=2021 |publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux |location=New York |isbn=978-0-3742-4785-0}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links|s=Author:Edgar Allan Poe|wikt=no|b=no}}
{{Spoken Wikipedia|Edgar allen poe recording.ogg|date=November 22, 2008}}
* {{StandardEbooks|Standard Ebooks URL=https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/edgar-allan-poe}}
* {{Gutenberg author |id=481 | name=Edgar Allan Poe}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Edgar Allan Poe}}
* {{Librivox author |id=21}}
* {{OL author}}
* [https://www.nps.gov/edal/index.htm Edgar Allan Poe National Historic Site]
* [http://www.eapoe.org/ Edgar Allan Poe Society in Baltimore]
* [https://poemuseum.org/ Poe Museum in Richmond, Virginia]
** [https://poemuseum.org/poes-complete-works/ Complete works] hosted by the Poe Museum
* [http://www.shapell.org/manuscript.aspx?169898 Edgar Allan Poe's Personal Correspondence] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223052915/http://www.shapell.org/manuscript.aspx?169898 |date=February 23, 2015 }} Shapell Manuscript Foundation
* [http://research.hrc.utexas.edu:8080/hrcxtf/view?docId=ead/00109.xml&query=edgar%20allen%20poe&query-join=and Edgar Allan Poe's Collection] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301185854/http://research.hrc.utexas.edu:8080/hrcxtf/view?docId=ead%2F00109.xml&query=edgar%20allen%20poe&query-join=and |date=March 1, 2012 }} at the [[Harry Ransom Center]] at [[The University of Texas at Austin]]
* [https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/8301128.stm 'Funeral' honours Edgar Allan Poe] [[BBC News]] (with video) 2009-10-11
* [http://xroads.virginia.edu/~HYPER/POE/contents.html Selected Stories] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112221713/http://xroads.virginia.edu/~Hyper/POE/contents.html |date=January 12, 2016 }} from American Studies at the University of Virginia
* {{ISFDB name|622}}
* {{LCAuth|n79029745|Edgar Allan Poe|944|}}
* [https://findingaids.library.columbia.edu/ead/nnc-rb/ldpd_4079225 Finding aid to Edgar Allan Poe papers at Columbia University. Rare Book & Manuscript Library.]

{{Edgar Allan Poe}}
{{Navboxes
|title = Associated subjects
|list1 =
{{The Raven}}
{{The Tell-Tale Heart}}
{{The Fall of the House of Usher}}
{{The Murders in the Rue Morgue}}
{{The Pit and the Pendulum}}
{{The Masque of the Red Death}}
{{The Black Cat}}
{{The System of Doctor Tarr and Professor Fether}}
}}
{{Navboxes
|title = Articles related to E. A. Poe
|list  =

{{Romanticism}}
{{Hall of Fame for Great Americans}}
{{Goth subculture}}
}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Poe, Edgar Allan}}
[[Category:Edgar Allan Poe| ]]
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{{Wikipedia attribution|original_title=Edgar Allan Poe|access_date=2026-02-23}}